Kathleen Mary Kalil
1*, Jenny Gregory
2, Melissa Makled
31 Clinical Psychologist, Researcher, Graduate of Educational and Clinical Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit AND APEX Behavioral Health-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA
2 Student in Biology, University of Michigan, Dearborn AND APEX Behavioral Health-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA
3 Graduate Student in Health Policy, Department of Arts, Sciences and Letters, University of Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan- Flint, USA
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is complex in its etiology and its manifestations. This systematic review will critically analyze the latest research regarding risk factors associated with ADHD such as environmental, including preterm birth, smoking, and prenatal alcohol use. Furthermore reviewed, will be articles researching genetics, such as dopamine active transporter (DAT1), LPHN3, as well as genetic-environmental interaction for precursors of ADHD. Discussion: Current theories of ADHD show evidence supporting multiple genetic and environmental factors that interact during early developmental stages in the fetus to create a neuro-biological susceptibility to ADHD. The DAT1 has been implicated in ADHD although the mechanism by which it exerts its effects remains unknown. Factors due to drinking, smoking or stress while pregnant can affect the nervous system, which later may be linked to ADHD symptoms because they may alter genes during development by causing a genetic variation. Conclusion: Future research could benefit from using prospective, longitudinal studies, with large sample sizes. With contradictory results and many competing theories about precursors of ADHD, more research using advanced genetic technology will help researchers learn more about ADHD’s complex risks, precursors, and symptoms.